北师大版八年级下册英语Grammar Summary跟读

Grammar Summary

语法总结

Object Clauses宾语从句

宾语从句是在句子中起宾语作用的从句。 宾语从句需要由连接词引出。常用的连接词有:that，whether.if.what.which，who，where，when，how，why等。宾语从句用陈述语序。例如: She said(that) she didn’t want to know. He has got what he wanted. I wonder whether /if it is large enough.

由that引导的宾语从句

在宾语从句中，that只起引导作用，没有具体的意义，且常可省略。例如: They believe(that) many people will come to the party. I don't think (that) he is honest.

由if,whether 引导的宾语从句

if，whether引导宾语从句时，意为'是 否”。例如: I don't know whether/if she will come I wonder whether /if the postman has any letters for me.

由连接代词，连接副词引导的宾语从句

whar,which, who,whose, where, when，how，why等疑问词都可以引导宾 语从句。例如: We don't know when she will come. Can you tell me why this is impossible? I can't remember what his name is. He asked me where I was going.

The Present Perfect 现在完成时

Uses 用法

现在完成时表示: 发生在过去但对现在有影响的动作。例 如: Her last book has been a great success. (结果:她现在是一个知名人物。) I have lost my keys.(结果:我现在开不 了门。)

发生在过去，持续到现在的动作。常 和since，for,all my life等时间状语连 用。例如: She has been an English teacher for five years.

Form形式

现在完成时的构成形式是have/has+过去分词。

肯定句: I/We/You/They have(='ve)gone out. He/She/It has (='s) gone out.

否定句: I/We/You/They have not (=haven't) gone out. He/She/It has not (hasn't) gone out.

一般疑问句: Have you /they gone out? Yes,I/we/they have. No, I/we/they haven’t. Has he / she / it gone out? Yes, he /she / it has. No, he/ she /it hasn't.

特殊疑问句: When have you /they gone out? When has he / she / it gone out?

现在完成时及其常用副词和时间状语

现在完成时常与already，just，ever, never，yet等副词连用，副词置于have/has之后，或置于句尾。例如: I have never been to Peter's house. He has just bought a new car.

already常用于肯定句，yet 常用于疑问 句和否定句，ever常用于疑问句。例如: I have already finished my homework. Have you repaired your bike yet? Have you ever thought about becoming an astronaut?

already常用于肯定句，yet 常用于疑问 句和否定句，ever常用于疑问句。例如: I have already finished my homework. Have you repaired your bike yet? Have you ever thought about becoming an astronaut?

现在完成时还可以与for+一段时间或since+某时间点连用。例如: I have studied here for three years. I have studied here since 2010.

Reflexive Pronouns 反身代词

Uses 用法

反身代词作宾语。例如: We got out of the river and driedourselves. I didn’t enjoy myself at all that day. She was talking to herself.

反身代词作表语。例如: He can't be well;he doesn’t feelhimself today. The poor boy was myself.

反身代词作同位语。例如: He himself is a doctor. The house itself is beautiful but the decorations are rather old.

Form 形式

人称代词(主格 )

形容词性 物主代词

反身代词

I

我

we

我们

you(单数)

你

you(复数)

你们

he

他

she

她

it

它

they

他们

my

我的

our

我们的

your

你的

your

你们的

his

他的

her

她的

its

它的

their

他们的

myself

我自己

ourselves

我们自己

yourself

你自己

yourselves

你们自己

himself

他自己

herself

她自己

itself

它自己

themselves

他们自己

Adverbial Clauses of Condition 条件状语从句

条件状语从句表示说话人对事情的实现提 出的前提或条件。引导条件状语从句的连 词有 if，unless 等。例如: You will succeed if you do one thing at a time and stick to your plan. Come tomorrow if you have time. If the salary isn’t too low he will accept the job.

如果从句用if条件句，主句用祈使句， 则表示说话人在向某人提出建议、命令或 请求。该句型是:

从句

主句

If+ Present Simple

祈使句

例如: If it rains today. stay at home. If you want to lose weight, eat less bread.

如果从句用unless条件句或者否定的if 条件句，主句用陈述句，表示说话人要 告知某人在一定条件下会产生的结果。 该句型是:

主句

从句

陈述句

unless+动词肯定式或if...don't/doesn't...

例如: You will be late unless you start at once /if you don't start at once. You can't drive a car unless you pass the driving test /if you don't pass the driving test. We'll be locked out unless we come back by midnight /if we don't come back by midnight.

Reported Speech 间接引语

在引用别人的原话时，被引用的句子称为直接引语(DirectSpeech)。例如: “Pass me the dictionary. Mike,' she said. He suggested,“Let's take a taxi back home.'

当用自己的话转述别人的话时，被转述的部分称为间接引语(Reported Speech)。 例如: She told me that she was getting married next week. He said that he would stay in London for a week.

Reported Statements 间接陈述句

如果转述的是陈述句，需要：

用连词that引导，that可以省略。例如: He said,“I have lost my umbrella.” He said(that) he had lost his umbrella.