冀教版八年级上册英语Grammar跟读

Grammar

语法

简单句（Simple Sentences）

简单句是只包含一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）的句子。简单句分为五种基本句型。

1.主语+谓语 They laughed. The students are singing.

2.主语+谓语+宾语 I like English. Jenny is reading a book.

3.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 Lily gave Davy a yo-yo ball. = Lily gave a yo-yo ball to Davy. My mother bought me a pair of jeans. = My mother bought a pair of jeans for me.

注意: 双宾语一个指人（即间接宾语），另一个指物（即直接宾语）。一般间接宾语位于直接宾语的前面，有时它们也可交换位置，这时需要在间接宾语的前面加上介词to或for。常见的跟双宾语结构的动词有: give，show，bring，pass，lend，send，make，buy，get，sing等。

4.主语+系动词+表语 Ms. Liu is kind and patient. Jenny looks very happy. The days get longer in spring.

注意： 系动词（也称连系动词）本身有词义，但不能单独作谓语，后边必须跟表语，构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等。be（am，is，are，was，were）是最常用的系动词。有些动词也可作为系动词。如: get，become，turn， grow，look，feel，smell，taste，sound等。

5.主语+谓语+宾语+补语 英语中的宾语补足语通常紧跟宾语之后，对宾语进行补充说明。充当宾语补足语的可以是名词、形容词、副词、分词、不定式和介词短语等。例如： We call her Beibei. I found the boy very clever. I will not let you in. He saw a little girl dancing under a tree. We saw the road covered with snow. Jenny saw Danny buy many donuts. She wanted me to give her some money. The girl always keeps everything in good order.

现在完成时态（Present Perfect Tense）

1.现在完成时的意义和用法

1）表示过去发生或已完成的某个动作对现在产生的影响或结果，常与 already，just，yet等状语连用。例如：

I have already read the book.

2）表示开始于过去，持续到现在的动作或状态，常与表示包括现在在内的时间状语连用，如: today，now，this week，this morning，these days，this afternoon，recently，so far等；也与“for+时间段”或“ since+时间点”的状语连用。例如： I have painted six new pictures this week. Li Ming has written three e-mails today. She has helped me a lot since last year. She has taught in the school for ten years.

2）表示开始于过去，持续到现在的动作或状态，常与表示包括现在在内的时间状语连用，如: today，now，this week，this morning，these days，this afternoon，recently，so far等；也与“for+时间段”或“ since+时间点”的状语连用。例如: I have painted six new pictures this week. Li Ming has written three e-mails today. She has helped me a lot since last year. She has taught in the school for ten years.

2. 现在完成时的结构 have/has(助动词)+done(动词的过去分词).例如： I have just turned off the light.

3.现在完成时的句型变化 肯定句：I have already read the book. 否定句：I haven't read the book yet. 一般疑问句及其回答： Have you read the book? Yes, I have. （或者Yes, already. ) No, I haven't. （或者No, I have not./No, not yet. ） Has Tom read the book? Yes, he has./No, he hasn't. （或者No, he has not. ） 特殊疑问句： What have you done this week? What has tom done this week?

注意： “have（has） been to”与“have（has） gone to”的区别：have（has） been to的意思是“曾到过某地，现在不在那儿”；have（has） gone to的意思是“去某处了, 现在不在这儿”。例如： They have been to Lanzhou. 他们到过兰州。（现在已不在兰州） They have gone to Lanzhou. 他们到兰州去了。（现在不在这里）

名词所有格（Possessive Case）

在英语中，有些名词在词尾加-'s表示所有关系，这种形式称为该名词的所有格。例如: my father's car，today's newspaper。

名词所有格的构成： 单数名词在词尾加-'s。例如：Danny's turn，the daughter's shirt，my aunt's house 复数名词词尾是-s或-es，只加-'。例如：the students' books，the boxes’tops 复数名词词尾不是-s或es，仍要加-'s。例如：men's clothes，children's toys 名词词组的所有格，在最后一个词的词尾加-'s。例如：an hour and a half's walk，Jenny and Mary's bedroom 's在清辅音后读/s/，在浊辅音和元音后读/z/。在/t/后读/ts/，在/d/后读/dz/.

名词所有格的另一种形式是在介词of后加名词，这种形式多用于表示没有生命的东西的名词。例如：the name of the book，the root of the tree，the legs of the desk

when或 because引导的状语从句 （Adverbial Clause with“when”or“because”）

用来修饰主句或主句中的动词、副词、形容词的从句叫状语从句。状语从句可分为时间状语从句、原因状语从句、地点状语从句等。学习状语从句时要注意连词的正确使用，主句与从句的时态呼应等。本册书仅学习when引导的时间状语从句和because引导的原因状语从句。

1. when引导的时间状语从句

1）表示“当……的时候”= at the time that…。此时, when从句用来说明主句动词动作发生的背景。例如： I couldn't help laughing when I saw it. When I was a little boy, my grandma told me the story of Chang'e.

1）表示“当……的时候”= at the time that…。此时, when从句用来说明主句动词动作发生的背景。例如： I couldn't help laughing when I saw it. When I was a little boy, my grandma told me the story of Chang'e.

2）表示“无论什么时候……”，与 whenever的意思差不多，但语气较轻。例如： Remember me when you wear the cap. 注意： 在when引导的时间状语从句中, 常使用一般现在时态表示将来。例如： I will think of you when I wear it. I'll go on with the work when I come back tomorrow. Please tell him about it when you see him back.

2. because引导的原因状语从句

because引导的原因状语从句一般置于主句之后，表示直接的原因，语气最强。例如： I feel comfortable here because it is safe. He was fixing a pair of pants for an old lady because they were too long. I like winter because I like to ski and skate.

注意： 1） because习惯上不与so连用。在汉语中我们习惯说“因为……所以……”, 但在英语中却不能将so与 because连用。例如： 因为下雨, 所以我们待在家里. 正：Because it was raining, we stayed at home. It was raining, so we stayed at home. 误: Because it was raining, so we stayed at home. 2）because从句与because of短语的转换 because引导的原因状语从句有时可与because of短语转换。例如： He can't come because he is ill. /He can't come because of his illness.

情态动词（Modal Verbs）

情态动词表示说话人的观点和态度，如需要、猜测、意愿或怀疑等。常见的情态动词有：can，could，may，might，must，need，shall，should，will，would等。

情态动词的语法特征： 1.有实意，但在句中不能单独充当谓语。 2.后跟动词原形。表示否定时，在其后面加not；表示疑问时，将它提到句首。 3.无人称和数的变化。

may 和 might

may（might）主要表示说话人许可、请求对方许可，或表示可能性。否定式为may/might not。might是may的过去式，主要有下列用法：

1.表示语气更加委婉、客气。例如: Might I have your e-mail address? He said he might come back in two weeks.

2.表示一种更加微弱的可能性，或比较没有把握的推测。例如： He might be at home. （可能性较小）试比较：He may be at home. （可能性较大） You might be a doctor when you are older. （表示一种比较没有把握的推测）

will 和 would

1.will和would用于第二人称疑问句，表示请求和建议，would比will委婉、客气。 固定句型: Will/ Would you please…? 请你……好吗? Would you please pass this book to the student in the last row? Certainly./Sure/All right. I'm sorry. I can't./No, I won't.

1.will和would用于第二人称疑问句，表示请求和建议，would比will委婉、客气。 固定句型: Will/ Would you please…? 请你……好吗? Would you please pass this book to the student in the last row? Certainly. /Sure/All right. I'm sorry. I can't./No, I won't.

2/will和would可表示愿望、决心或意愿，用于所有人称的陈述句。

1）表愿望 I will do anything for you. That would be a cool job because I would help people move all around the world.

2）表决心 I will never tell you the secret.

3）表意愿 They would not let him in. I would build the best airplanes someday. I would like to be a teacher.

形容词的比较级和最高级（Comparative and Superlative Adjectives）

英语中的形容词有原级、比较级和最高级三种形式。表示“比……更……一些”的概念时, 用比较级；表示“最…”的概念时，用最高级。例如： Danny is much taller this year. I want to grow the best crops.

形容词比较级和最高级的构成：

构成方法

原级

比较级

最高级

单音节词一般在词尾加-er，-est

fast

faster

fastest

以-e结尾的单音节词，以-ble和ple结尾的双音节词，只加-r，-st

large able simple

largel abler simpler

largest ablest simplest

以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词，双写该字母后加-er，-est

big wet

bigger wetter

biggest wettest